巴黎“彩色跑”乐翻天埃菲尔铁塔前上演色彩大战

Dan
Dan
Yacouba
dàn, ?daanwo, da??
Native?to	Ivory Coast, Guinea, and Liberia
Ethnicity	Dan people
Native speakers	1.6 million?(2012)
Language family	Niger–Congo? Mande Eastern Mande Southeastern Mano–Dan Guro–Dan Tura–Dan Dan; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either:; dnj?–?Dan; lda?–?Kla
Glottolog	dann1241
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

百度通过加强组织队伍建设，把党的政治优势转化为国企的战斗力。

Dan /?d?n/^[2] is a Southern Mande language spoken primarily in Ivory Coast (~800,000 speakers) and Liberia (150,000–200,000 speakers). There is also a population of about 800 speakers in Guinea. Dan is a tonal language, with 9 to 11 contour and register tones, depending on the dialect.

A Dan speaker, recorded in Liberia.

Alternative names for the language include Yacouba or Yakubasa, Gio, Gyo, Gio-Dan, and Da. Dialects are Gio (Liberian Dan), Gweetaawu (Eastern Dan), Blowo (Western Dan), and Kla. Kla is evidently a distinct language.

Phonology

A sillable is minimally /V/ or /?/, and maximally /ClVV/ or /ClV?/.

Vowels

Vowels^[3]^:?451?
	Front	Central		Back
	Front	Unrd.	Rnd.	Unrd.	Rnd.
Close	i			?	u
Near-close	?			??	?
Close-mid	e		?	?	o
Mid		?
Open-mid	?			?	?
Open	?			ɑ	?
Syllabic		??

Color coding:

Only in Eastern Dan when in the position of extra-high tone

Only in Liberian Dan

Nasal sounds in Eastern Dan^[3]^:?451?
	Front	Back
	Front	Unrd.	Rnd.
Close	?	??	?
Open-mid	??	??	??
Open	??	ɑ?	??

Consonants

Consonants^[3]^:?451?
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar		Labial- velar	Glottal
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	plain	lab.	Labial- velar	Glottal
Nasal		m^[a]	n^[a]	?^[a]	?	??^[a]	ɡ?m^[a]
Plosive	voiceless	p	t		k	k?	k?p
Plosive	voiced	b	d		ɡ	ɡ?	ɡ?b
Implosive		?	?
Fricative	voiceless	f	s		x			h
Fricative	voiced	v	z
Approximant				j		w
Lateral			l
Trill			(r)

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Nasal consonant sounds mainly occur when phonemes /?, ?, j, w, ɡ?b/ are in nasal positions.

Only in Liberian Dan

Not in Western Dan

Not in Liberian Dan

all consonants are nasalized in nasal feet
/?/ occurs only as a syllable or a syllable coda and has been treated as a vowel. it carries tone.
/l/ is heard as [r] when preceded by alveolar or palatal consonants.
Consonant combinations /sl, zl/ are heard as lateral fricative sounds [?, ?].^[3]

Tones

Dan has five level tones and three less-common contour tones on single morae - a? á ā à ? and a a? a??^[3]^:?451?

Writing system

The orthography of Liberia includes this alphabet:^[4]^[5]

Dan alphabet (Liberia)
A	B	?	D	?	E	?	F	G	GB	H	I	K	KP	KW	L	M	N	NW	NY	?	O	?	?	?	P	R	S	T	U	?	V	W	X	Y	Z
a	b	?	d	?	e	?	f	g	gb	h	i	k	kp	kw	l	m	n	nw	ny	?	o	?	?	?	p	r	s	t	u	?	v	w	x	y	z
IPA value
a	b	?	d	?	e	?	f	ɡ	ɡ?b	h	i	k	k?p	k?	l	m	n	??	?	?	o	?	?	?	p	r	s	t	u	?	v	w	x	j	z

Dan West alphabet (C?te d'Ivoire)
A	A?	B	BH	D	DH	E	?	?	?A	F	G	GB	GW	I	K	KP	KW	L	M	N	NG	O	?	?	P	R	S	T	U	ü	V	W	Y	Z
a	a?	b	bh	d	dh	e	?	?	?a	f	g	gb	gw	i	k	kp	kw	l	m	n	ng	o	?	?	p	r	s	t	u	ü	v	w	y	z
IPA value
a	?	b	?	d	?	e	?	?	?	f	ɡ	ɡ?b	g?	i	k	k?p	k?	l	m	n	?	o	?	?	p	r	s	t	u	?	v	w	j	z

Dan East alphabet (C?te d'Ivoire), 1982
A	A?	B	BH	D	DH	E	?	?	?A	F	G	GB	GW	H	I	?	K	KP	KW	L	M	N	O	?	?	P	R	S	T	U	ü	?	??	V	W	Y	Z
a	a?	b	bh	d	dh	e	?	?	?a	f	g	gb	gw	h	i	?	k	kp	kw	l	m	n	o	?	?	p	r	s	t	u	ü	?	??	v	w	y	z
IPA value
a	?	b	?	d	?	e	?	?	?	f	ɡ	ɡ?b	g?	h	i	?	k	k?p	k?	l	m	n	o	?	?	p	r	s	t	u	?	?	?	v	w	j	z

Dan East alphabet (C?te d'Ivoire), 2014
A	?	B	BH	D	DH	E	?	?	?	F	G	GB	GW	H	I	?	K	KP	KW	L	M	N	O	?	?	P	R	S	T	U	?	?	V	W	Y	Z
a	?	b	bh	d	dh	e	?	?	?	f	g	gb	gw	h	i	?	k	kp	kw	l	m	n	o	?	?	p	r	s	t	u	?	?	v	w	y	z
IPA value
a	?	b	?	d	?	e	?	?	?	f	ɡ	ɡ?b	ɡ?	h	i	?	k	k?p	k?	l	m	n	o	?	?	p	r	s	t	u	?	?	v	w	j	z

Tones are marked as follows: extra high tone: a?; high tone: á; medium tone: ā; low tone: à; extra low tone: ?; high drop tone: a; extra low hanging tone: a?.

The digraphs ?bh, dh, gb gw, kp, kw? keep the same values as in the spelling of 1982, and the nasal vowels are also indicated by appending the letter n after the letter of the vowel ?an, ?n, ?n, ?n, in, ?n, ?n, un?.

References

^ Dan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Kla at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh^[relevant?]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Vydrin, Valentin (2020). "Dan". In Vossen, Rainer; Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of African Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.?451–462. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199609895.013.66. ISBN?9780199609895.
^ "Dan". ScriptSource.
^ "Proposal to Encode Additional Latin and Cyrillic Characters" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2019.

External links

English-Dan Online Dictionary

?

This article about Mande languages is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[Nasal-4] Nasal consonant sounds mainly occur when phonemes /?, ?, j, w, ɡ?b/ are in nasal positions.

[e18-1] Dan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Kla at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2] Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh^[relevant?]

[Vydrin-3] Vydrin, Valentin (2020). "Dan". In Vossen, Rainer; Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of African Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.?451–462. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199609895.013.66. ISBN?9780199609895.

[5] "Dan". ScriptSource.

[6] "Proposal to Encode Additional Latin and Cyrillic Characters" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2019.

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巴黎“彩色跑”乐翻天埃菲尔铁塔前上演色彩大战

Contents

Phonology

Vowels

Consonants

Tones

Writing system

References

Further reading

External links

Dan
Yacouba
dàn, ?daanwo, da??
Native?to	Ivory Coast, Guinea, and Liberia
Ethnicity	Dan people
Native speakers	1.6 million?(2012)^[1]
Language family	Niger–Congo? Mande Eastern Mande Southeastern Mano–Dan Guro–Dan Tura–Dan Dan
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either: `dnj`?–?Dan `lda`?–?Kla
Glottolog	`dann1241`
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

巴黎“彩色跑”乐翻天 埃菲尔铁塔前上演色彩大战

Phonology

Vowels

Consonants

Tones

Writing system

References

Further reading

External links

巴黎“彩色跑”乐翻天埃菲尔铁塔前上演色彩大战